Sunday, February 23, 2020
Critical Thinking and Clinical Judgment Skills Written Assignment Essay
Critical Thinking and Clinical Judgment Skills Written Assignment - Essay Example Thus, critical thinking surpasses the provision of a way of ascertaining veracity, partial veracity or falsehood of a claim, to embrace and encompass the passing of judgment not just in academic fields, but in practical ventures as well. Nursing is one of these many ventures in which critical thinking is greatly applied. As a matter of fact, critical thinking and nursing are mutually inclusive of each other that any nurse devoid of critical thinking skills seldom succeeds. That critical thinking in nursing is indispensible is a matter which is underscored by the fact that it [critical thinking] helps nurses carry out the assessment process, question, evaluate, analyze and reconstruct the process of delivering nursing care, by logically and systematically challenging the established nursing theories and practices. The magnitude of critical thinking may therefore be seen in light of the discussion which ensues forthwith. Critical Thinking and Decision-Making in Patient Care In the firs t place, when going about the nursing process or duty, it will behoove the nurse to decide [by critically thinking through] the pieces of patient information which is critical, from those that are not. Those that have been determined as important may then be analyzed. After the analysis, the nurse may need to work closely and in consultation with the patient, so as to form a consensus, which is a mutually agreed upon care goals. In this case, the nurse will need to use sound judgment to arrive at key decisions, when and by studying a wide variety of sources and by making personal observations about the patient, in relation to his medical records. In this case, the nurse will need to incorporate and use a reflective component in decision-making. Herein, the reflective component is essentially a review of the judgements and the validation of these judgments’ appropriateness (Alfaro-Lefevre, 2009). Critical Thinking in Reconciling Nursing Practices and Ethical Issues When Admini stering Patient-Based Care Above all the needs of critical thinking in nursing, is the application of critical thinking in the delivery of patient-based care. Since patient-based supports the active participation of patients and their families in decision-making about individual options for a patient’s treatment and designing new care models for the patient’s treatment. This means that in administering patient-based care, the nurse will administer care which is responsive and respectful to an individual patient’s needs, values and preferences, and making sure that patient values are the rallying points to all clinical decisions. Herein, critical thinking will be critically applicable, since the administration of patient-based care sometimes seems constrained by, and to fundamentally clash with the dictates of medical and clinical rules and guidelines (Mann, 2012). Thus, Bowles (2000) observes that when administering patient-based care, the nurse will have to: ap preciate the importance of nursing guidelines and rules of medical care; factor the patient’s preferences, values and needs; and establish the status of the patient spelled out in his medical records; think through the options needed to strike the delicate balance among delivering patient-based care, not breaching nursing and medical guidelines and not subjecting the medical institution to legal liabilities. An instance which expressly exemplifies the situation above took place on
Friday, February 7, 2020
Antitrust Legislation in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Antitrust Legislation in the USA - Essay Example The company had employed predatory strategies to ensure that other market players cannot operate freely without considerably favoring Microsoft.  In identifying instances of antitrust violations, the Free Trade Commission (FTC) is responsible for determining whether a given market player has, either intentionally or unintentionally, manipulated the market to either mitigate or limit entry of competitors into the market (Hylton, 2003). The FTC has the duty of quantifying to what extent the given market player has violated the freedom of entry into the market. FTC controls this by regulating the issuance of patents and enforcing the legality of these patients.  The Stark Act prevents antitrust within healthcare by ensuring that physician referrals of certain DHS (Designated Health Services) for Medicaid and Medicare patients cannot be executed if, and only if the physician in question or an immediate or close relative of the physician has a vested financial affiliation with the patient in question. (Leslie, 2011) This ensures that physicians cannot refer one patient from one medical institution to another if they stand to gain financially. Similarly, the Anti-Kickback law has made it illegal to refer a patient to another Medicaid or Medicare-covered services and receiving financial compensation  In conclusion, the main aim of the antitrust legislation is to identify instances where one market player has immense market power to the point where they control and manipulate the market to gain abnormal profits and limit access into the given market or industry.
Wednesday, January 29, 2020
Cng Crisis in Pakistan Essay Example for Free
Cng Crisis in Pakistan Essay Date: 18. 05. 2013 CHEMISTRY PAPER – II Max. Marks: 17 9:30 a. m. to 9:50 a. m. (Science Pre-Engineering Pre-Medical Groups) Time: 20 minutes SECTION ‘A’ (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) – (M. C. Qs. ) NOTE: i) This section consists of 17 part questions and all are to be answered. Each question carries one mark. ii) Do not copy down the part questions in your answerbook. Write only the answer in full against the proper number of the question and its part. ii) The code number of your question paper is to be written in bold letters in the beginning of the answerscript. 1. Select the most appropriate answer for each from the given options: i) The atomic number of an element belonging to group VA and 3rd period is: * 7 * 13 * 15 * 23 ii) Elements of group IB are called: * Normal elements * Rare Earth metals * Coinage metals * Alkali metals iii) Hydride ion and Helium atom have the same: * number of protons * number of electrons * number of neutrons * valency iv) The number of neutrons in Protium is: * zero * 1 * 2 * 3 ) The element having the symbol ‘Ga’ belongs to this family: * Carbon * Nitrogen * Boron * Beryllium vi) On burning in excess of Oxygen, Sodium forms its: * superoxide * peroxide * monoxide * dioxide vii) A mixture of Aluminium nitrate and Aluminium powder is called: * Duralumin * Ammonal * Carnallite * Alum viii) Ca2B6O11. 5H2O is the chemical formula of: * Cryolite * Colemanite * Bauxite * Borax ix) The formula of Hypochlorous acid is: * HOCl * HClO2 * HClO3 * HClO4 x) The metal ion having the highest number of unpaired electrons is: * Mn? 2 * Fe? 2 * Co? 2 * Ni? 2 xi) The chemical name of laughing gas is: Nitric oxide * Nitrous oxide * Nitrogen trioxide * Nitrogen pentoxide xii) This has the minimum hydration energy: * Na+ * K + * Rb+ * Cs+ xiii) Cycloalkanes have the general formula: * C Hn n2 2? * C Hn n2 * C Hn n2 2? * C Hn n2 4? xiv) Glycogen is a: * Monosaccharide * Oligosaccharide * Polysaccharide * Disaccharide xv) This gas was used in the First World war: * Phosgene gas * Mustard gas * Coal gas * Ammonia gas xvi) The hybridization in the Carbon atom of Carbonyl group is: * sp * sp2 * sp 3 * d sp 2 3 xvii) All noble gases fulfill the Octet rule except: * Kr * Ne * He * Ar
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
Essay example --
With new technologies such as interactive smart-displays, touch screen kiosks, augmented reality, real-time data tracking, and more, Intel Corporation wants to bring your retail stores, headquarters, and store management processes, into the future. The world has seen rampant technology growth over the past decade. Since 2000, the percentage of the US population using the internet has grown 150%, with roughly 45% of North Americas’ population being regular online shoppers and virtually every person in North America has a cell phone plan and some form of mobile device. These are statistics that would have never been seen as little as 5 years ago. The world has become an interconnected powerhouse of technology, driven by the need and desire for new and innovative solutions to classic problems, and through this change, retail brick-and-mortar stores have been left in the technological dust. By implementing our â€Å"Connected Store†solutions to your retail franchise, we can guarantee an increased consumer base, higher foot traffic in local stores, increased workforce productivity, higher customer morale, more accessible management tools, more efficient, accurate data tracking, and, of course, a vast increase in sales percentages. All introduced through easy to use, intuitive software and hardware that is not only completely customizable and personalized, but upgradeable to ensure continued use for the foreseeable future. First and foremost, by utilizing our new video analytics technology we can gather vast amounts of anonymous customer metrics, such as age, gender, height and even average attention span, all in real-time through individual storefronts. By coupling this technology with dynamic digital signage and interactive kiosks and sa... ...eyond traditional environmental standards. This also enables retailers to power down devices when stores are closed, and turn them back on prior to opening. And of course, all of this can be monitored, controlled, and customized from a remote location of your choosing. By implementing Intel’s’ Connected Store solutions, you will be on the cutting edge of technology, seamlessly blending truly personalized, shopping experiences, with a mass customer appeal able to rival internet shopping. Combining unique, dynamic digital signage, interactive kiosks, mobile connectivity, and anonymous analytical data gathering with easy-to-use, intuitive software and hardware on both consumer and management ends of the retail shopping experience, Intel hopes to bridge the gap between online and offline shopping, bringing you closer to your customers, and your customers closer to you.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Chabahar Port
Chabahar Free Trade- Industrial Zone (CFZ) is an Iranian free trade zone on the coast of the Gulf of Oman in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. It is formed according to the law on the establishment and administration of free trade-industrial zones. It was established in 1992 along with the two other free trade zones, Qeshm and Kish Island to use global expertise, mostly from South East Asia, as a tool for the development of the country, accelerating the accomplishment of infrastructures, creation of productive employment, and representation in the global markets.Chabahar free trade-industrial zone achieved its importance mainly from its geographical location as the shortest and the most secure route connecting Central Asian Independent States (CIS) and Afghanistan to warm waters and it’s proximately to one of the largest oil, gas and mineral resources of the world and as the only ocean port of the country. It is the closest and best access point of Iran to the Indian Ocean.For this reason, Chabahar is the focal point of Iran for development of the east of the country through expansion and enhancement of transit routes among countries situated in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and Central Asia. The hope is that with the development of transit routes, and better security and transit services, the benefits will reach the area residents. Chabahar free trade-industrial zone has started its activities in 1995 focusing on these major activities; transit and urban development and education under the administration of public controlled Chabahar free trade-industrial zone organization.In 2002 Chabahar free trade-industrial zone organization established five specialized subsidiary bodies with the permission of the secretariat of high council of Iran free trade-industrial zones, including four holding companies and one education center that is listed below: 1-        Holding company of Transit and Development of Trading. 2-Â Â Â à ‚     Holding company of Investment and Industrial Development. 3-        Holding company of Social Welfare and Tourism Development. 4-        Holding company of Professional Civil and Civic Development. –        International University of Chabahar. In 2007, Chabahar free zone canceled some of the subsidiary bodies and turned them into sections of Chabahar free zone organization. Its economic sectors are fishery industries and commercial sector, fishery sectors with largest amount of country’s fish catch, mainly located out of the Chabahar free zone. Growing commercial sector located at free trade area with high potentiality to turn to a place that would connect business growth centers is South Asia (India) and Middle East (Dubai) to Central Asian and Afghanistan market.Government plan to link Chabahar free trade area to Iran’s main rail network which is connected to Central As ia and Afghanistan would provide more capability for Chabahar to faster logistics sector that is a basic to achieve better position comparing to its competitor (Pakistan port of Gwadar). Iran plans to use Chabahar for transshipment to Afghanistan and Central Asia while reserving the port of Bandar Abbas as a major hub mainly for trade with Russia and Europe.Along with Bandar Abbas, Chabahar is the Iranian entrepot on the North-South corridor. A strategic partnership between India, Iran and Russia to establish a multi- modal transport link connecting Mumbai with St. Petersburg. Providing Europe and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia access to Asia and vice-versa. There are two jetties, Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari. Shahid Beheshti jetty with 18,000 square meters sheltered warehouse, comprehends the capacity of receiving the vessels of 100,000 gross tonnages.Shahid Kalantari jetty with 42,000 square meters sheltered warehouse is able to have the vessels berth. By a we ll developed road network, Chabahar has the access to the other neighboring countries as well as the Middle Asian states. The existence of transport terminal, with a capacity of receiving approximately 1,000 trucks and lorries daily makes the transportation of different types of produced, imported or transited goods possible through the land roads. It can also open bank credit directly through the zone banks.According to statistics in Farvardin 1388(March-April 2009),80,660 tons of goods with value of $41,800,000 were imported through Chabahar Custom, were mainly wheat, rubber ingredients, chemical fertilizers, mechanical and industrial machineries. The main exported goods were chocolate, biscuits, tear, solid petrol, solid paraffin and etc. The total income of this custom was $65 billion and 359 million Rial and shows 58 percent growth with comparison to the last year at the same period. The main privileges and legal facilities for investors          Poss ibility of investment for foreign and domestic investors to any extent. –         Guarantee of foreign investment at the zone according to the inserted mechanism in the law of Free zone. –         Repatriation of capital and profit gained from the economic activities. –         Exemption of 30 years tax. –         Free to import machinery, spare parts, transport means, raw material for construction. –         Possibility in using the foreign well qualified man power at the zone to the extent of 10 percent of the unit staffs. –         Possibility in transit and re-export of goods without any limitation.          Possibility of arrival of foreigners at the free zone without getting visa. –         Possibility in retail trad e for foreign and domestic businessmen. –         Lack of limitation in giving the land for large industrial projects. –         Exemption from the payment of custom duties for those goods produced at the zone and exported to the mainland in proportion of the added values and the exploited domestic materials. –         Release of the certificate of origin for those goods exported from the zone. The facilities and opportunities available for investmentConstruction of power plant, private international airport, refinery, petrochemical plant, heavy industries and relevant industries, car manufacturing and relevant industries, public warehouse, fishery and food stuff industries, establishment of companies investing in and financing the construction of the units specialized in industry, trade, transit and services, tourism service, exploitation of information and communication techno logy, service industries related to transit of goods, establishment of transportation networks for transit of goods and creation of international shipping lines.FTZs to Launch International Banks| Ministry of commerce together with Ministry of Economy are embarking on a project allowing Iranian free trade zones to team up with foreign partners for establishment of banks. The Mehr news agency quoted Commerce Ministry official Hossein Soltanian as saying so far six FTZs have agreed to get involved in the project in a bid to facilitate foreign investment and rejuvenate development of those areas.Soltanian said â€Å"the preliminary steps have been taken to establish the first such bank. †â€Å"According to plan, there will be similar initiatives in almost all 6 Iranian free trade zones,†Soltanian added. â€Å"Bank Refah together with a number of foreign investors will have stakes in establishment of the bank,†Soltanian added. | Goods Transit Via Iran Reaches 6million Tons| According to a report by Iran Customs Administration the daily goods transit via Iran increased 5. 8 percent over the last year.Daily, some 5 million and 861 thousand 450 tons various goods are transited via Iranian territories, the report said. Of the total figure, foodstuffs account for 11 percent, automobiles for 3. 5 percent and fuel for 12. 4 percent. Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, United Arab Emirates, Iraq and Turkmenistan were among the main destinations for the transited goods. Some 60. 8 percent of the goods were transited to the above mentioned countries via Iran’s various export terminals. Afghan Investors Eye Iran’s Free Zone| The process of Iran-Afghanistan economic ties has been accelerated during the last two years, managing director of Chabahar Free Zone Organization said. Elaborating on a meeting held between Iranian and Afghan economic activists in Chabahar Free Zone, Mohammad T. Baqerizade said that the meeting was the fifth meeting held b etween the two countries’ economic officials during the last two years.The two sides discussed expansion of ties in various fields including trade, industries, education, construction, transit and tourism. He said that during the previous meetings Iran agreed to grant 50 hectares of Chabahar Free Zone to Afghan investors who would interest to make investment in the zone’s various economic sectors. The Afghan investors have announced interest in building silos and warehouses in zone as well as in making investment in the production of the goods the raw materials of which are produced in Afghanistan, he concluded. |
Saturday, January 4, 2020
Course Works on Ethical Issues and Management
Discipline may be described as the ways, means, and avenues or channels used by the managers of institutions, businesses or other corporations to identify, investigate and rectify or correct misconduct or infringements among its staff in order to ensure compliance to the laid down company rules and regulations. Discipline is critical in the work place; it makes an organization to be cohesive and better able to achieve its goals (Imundo 1993). Discipline can be thought of as observance of set rules that guides workplace conduct of employees. Because there must be cases of indiscipline in the organization, disciplinary mechanism must be set in place. These disciplinary mechanisms must be carefully designed to bring about a corrective effect to the culprit rather than a punishment. Prior to embarking on any disciplinary measure, it’s always important for the managers to explore other non-disciplinary measures to solve the problems for example dialogue and counseling. However, the use of these methods should be limited to mild incidences of misconduct and should not be utilized to the detriment of the organization or company. Chronic or persistent misconduct must not be tolerated and the management should take the necessary disciplinary steps to rectify the behavior. The most commonly applied disciplinary measures include issuance of warning letters, suspension and termination of employment in extreme cases of indiscipline. This paper will discuss the moral and ethical issues faced by managers, their effect on other individuals, and ethically responsible management practices in ensuring discipline is maintained at workplace. Moral and ethical issues facing management are diverse and typical of the diverse fields of management (Shaw 2004). These fields comprise of finance, accounting, human resource management, marketing, personalized marketing among others. Despite this categorization most ethical issues cut across a number of fields and it may be difficult to isolate them from each other. Ethical challenges facing managers in human resource and management are the most rampant and commonly found at the workplace (Gilliland, Steiner, Skarlicki 2007). These moral and ethics challenges related to discipline at workplace include: (1) Absenteeism; this is where an employee does not report to duty or work without official authorization from the employer. This is a common phenomenon in modern corporate world and may take two different forms that are unintentional or non-deliberate absenteeism and censurable or blamable absenteeism. Non-deliberate absenteeism is said to have occurred when an employee desert fro m duty due to reasons beyond their control such as failing health or impairment. Censurable absenteeism is judged to have occurred when an employee absents himself or herself without authorization and for no concrete or plausible reasons e.g. an employee who feigns ailment and obtains a sick leave from work. If it is later proven that the employee feigned the sickness, the employee is guilty of blamable absenteeism. The main dilemma for the managers in their quest to eradicate absenteeism is in determination of whether the employee is guilty of one form of absenteeism or the other (Gilliland et al 2007). Normally, non-deliberate absenteeism is usually solved by verbal and written counseling, job reshuffling and discharge from duty if absenteeism becomes chronic. It is considered unfair to take disciplinary measures in unintentional absenteeism as this may be interpreted as punishing someone for conduct which is beyond their control. In proven cases of censurable absenteeism, the managers should ensure that the laid down disciplinary procedures are followed so as not seen as applying unjustified punishment to the culprit. The disciplinary measures may include verbal warning that is talking to the culprit, written warnings, suspension from duty after consultations with the relevant authorities and in cases of chronic or persistent absenteeism the supervisory personnel may dismiss or terminate the employee from work. (2) Chronic tardiness; tardiness at workplace may be described as lateness or sluggishness in execution of duties for instance, lateness in reporting to work and giving flimsy excuses for it such as transport and traffic jam, inadequate sleep time, preparing children for school among others. Tardiness also includes failure to submit reports and other documents on time and failure to adhere to deadlines for no plausible reasons. The repercussions for tardiness are varied from one company to the other and from one manager to the other depending on the effect on the company performance or productivity. Some of the strategies used by managers to curb chronic tardiness include counseling the employee on time management, verbal warning accompanied with disclosure to the employee of his or her tardiness trends, written warnings in persistent tardiness and dismissal as the last resort. In curbing tardiness the managers must be beyond reproach and should not be victims of the vice themselves as this would set a dangerous precedence among the workers and this will hamper their efforts in dealing firmly with tardiness.(3) Sexual harassment; the issues raises a lot of debate as to what consists of sexual harassment in the workplace per se but can be described collectively as actions of sexual nature which can directly or indirectly have a negative impact in an individual’s execution of duties. These actions include; non-consented body contact such as touching a coworker, conversations of sexual nature, display of erotic or sexually inclined pictures or objects among others. Dealing with sexual harassment at workplace is an uphill task and managers should exercise extreme caution when determining what constitutes of an act of sexual harassment in different organization. The problem is even harder to curb because in most cases it involves sexual harassment of junior workers by the senior personnel. The managers need to have a clear and a well defined sexual harassment policy explaining what constitutes of sexual harassment and the consequences (Gilliland et al 2007) Other forms of indiscipline that are prevalent in the workplace include; employee insubordination or unruliness, the use of abusive or obscene language, neglect of company code of regulations relating to safety for example use safety gadgets, dishonesty und untrustworthiness of the workers, and various forms of theft from the organizations resources or premises by the employees. Managers themselves must be free of all forms of indiscipline (Imundo 1993); there are cases where managers themselves are involved in dishonest acts such as fiddling with accounts to overstate company profits. In a company I had worked for over the school holidays, all forms of dishonesty were strictly prohibited and managers made sure that such cases were dealt with. One of the managers used to collect cash from the accounts office as a reimbursement for client entertainment but one employee used to see him in a hotel with in company of his friend and not clients. The dilemma was, should the employee report that manager to more senior managers. There were some employees under that manager who had lost their jobs over actions dishonesty with company’s cash. The manager’s actions were clearly against the company’s code of ethics and due to his position; it would not be possible for him deal with cases of cash theft from the employees. Discipline at work place is of paramount importance in any organization and the managers have an obligation of demonstrating a high level of discretion in their quest of ensuring efficient and smooth running of an organization (Imundo 1993). There is a need for an organization to have a clear disciplinary policy with a clear and a justified procedure for dealing with indiscipline (Gilliland et al 2007). The policy should provide for an investigative stage where the validity of the misconduct is ascertained and discipline stage where a disciplinary action is executed. When taking disciplinary action on an employee the managers should put into account some factors for instance the duration of service of the employee, the employees comprehension of the infringed policy, previous work record of the culprit, the motive of the employee in engaging the vice, and the weight and effect of the offence to the company’s rules. The managers should also consider the legal options which are available to the worker including the labor laws so as not to infringe on the civil rights of the worker and risk being sued. References Gilliland, S., Steiner, D.D., Skarlicki, D. (2007) Managing social and ethical issues in organizations: Research in social issues in management. Vancouver: IAP Imundo, L.V., (1993) Effective Supervisors Handbook. (2nd Ed.) New York. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Shaw, H.W., (2004) Business ethics. (5th ed). Belmont. CA: Thomson/Wadsworth
Friday, December 27, 2019
COMPONENTS OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1103 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The key for business achievement or success requires two elements the individual and the environment. Absence of either value makes the goal unachievable. All components of a business environment have a direct or indirect relation on business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "COMPONENTS OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT" essay for you Create order The outside factors, forces that cannot be controlled by an individual business enterprise and their management and have the capability to influence the business enterprise is termed as Business Environment. It includes every exterior forces within which a business organizations functions. Working of the business process is influenced by these forces and factors. Thus these forces and factors which stay outside the business, that are uncontrollable by single business entity but have an effect on business is called Business Environment. These factors or forces are customer, competitors, government, creditors, socio-cultural organizations, national and international organizations, political parties etc. These factors affect the business directly and indirectly according to its nature The business environment classified into three: Remote or General environment Industry environment Competitive environment Fig: Environmental Analysis According to Henry (2008), an organi zation has only two main environments i.e general and competitive environment. The competitive environment consists of industry and markets in which the organization operates. General environment is also named as macro-environment. The name Macro-environment is because the fluctuations that occur in this environment, will have an effect that go beyond the limits of the firms and industries. The below figure shows the connection between competitive and general environment of a firm as per Henry (2008): REMOTE OR GENERAL ENVIRONMENT: Remote environment can be also called as General environment and macro environment. Macro factors are generally more uncontrollable whereas micro environment factors are controllable as compared to macro factors. When macro factors become unmanageable the success of the business relies on the flexibility of the business to the changing environment. According to Hill and Jones,(2009), Macro-environmental factors sometimes influence the nation as a whole . Explained below are some of the macro environment factors. Economic Environment: The sum total of the nature of economic system of the country, business cycles, the socio-economic infrastructure etc is referred as Economic environment. Success of a business man depends on visualizing the outside factors influencing business, foreseeing changes that may occur in market conditions and making maximum return on minimum investment considering these outside or external factors. Social Environment: The value system of the society, w hich has an influence on the running of the business, is determined by the social dimension or environment of that Nation. Sociological elements that have an extensive impact on the business are costs structure, customs and conventions, mobility of labour etc. Work culture and mobility of labour, work groups etc are determined by the above factors. Political Environment: Political organizations including philosophy of political parties, ideology of government or party in power, character and level of bureaucracy influence of primary groups etc are influenced by the political environment of a country. The business, to a great extent, is affected by the political environment of a Nation Legal Environment: Legal environment comprises flexibility and malleability of law and other legal rules governing the business. The exact rulings and decision of the courts might be included. These concern the business and its administrators to a great extent. Technical Environment: Developme nt of technology in country has a great influence on the business. The variety and quality of goods and services to be produced and the nature, quality etc of plant and machinery to be used are determined by the technology opted by the industry. Following are also affected by technical environment, the business in terms of investment in technology, consistent application of technology and the effects of technology on markets. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT This means an environment in which competitions between organizations are high. A minute change in customers and competitors affects competitive plan of organization. It includes inventions of new products by competitors, developing new channels of distribution and emergence of new customer value. So competitive environment is closely related to the firm than the general environment.(Dobson et.al. 2004). Problems or opportunities resulting from variation in the competitive environment and in customer necessities are recognized by competitive environment analysis. Based on sound analysis, this procedure should be seen as dynamic, resourceful, and opportunity-focused. Thus two main areas that needs to be focused in this: Customer analysis Customer analysis at the business entity level involves building a complete understanding of customers, their needs and wants, and how these changes within a given market (market segmentation). Moreover, importance must be given to these changing needs, how is it occurring and what an organization should do to bring in change to the marketplace. Growth comes not by duplicating the competitors but by introducing creative and innovative strategy with flexibility, keeping in mind the changes that may occur in future to market conditions. Like any analysis, it is also done to identify the innovative strategies or plans that will create value for the business. Competitor analysis This analysis is undertaken at the business-unit level. With speci ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ c competitors, we assume that the unit in question is engaged in oligopolistic competition in which the market is dominated by small number of sellers. In a perfect competition there is no purpose of this analysis .While conducting competitor analysis, we have to follow certain defined procedure. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENERAL AND COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENTS Firms collect information to take decisions regarding current running of business and for future decision making through a combined calculation of internal and external Environments. Elements that compose general environment in a wider society influence the industry and the firms in that industry. These are classified into six environmental segments: demographic, economic, political/legal, socio-cultural, technological, and global. A firm does not have a direct control over the general environments segments and elements. For making appropriate decisions and plans, successful companies collects amounts of data and information so that they can identify or understand each segment and implications to be done. Competitor analysis refers to the way or method in which how companies collect and interpret information about their competitors. Understanding the firms competitor environment complements the insights provided by studying the general environment helps identifying in the fir ms competitor environment. Strategic intent, strategic mission, and strategic actions of a firm are developed as a result of the three analysis that are done to identify the outside environment. General environment analysis is focused on the future on the other hand analyses of competitors are focused on forecasting the dynamics of competitors actions, responses, and plans. Although we discuss each analysis separately, if we integrate the information gained from both the two analysis, performance of the firm is improved to a great extent.
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